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NHKã¹ãã·ã£ã« ã·ãªãŒãºã人é¡èªçããå§ãŸããšããããšã§é 匵ã£ãŠçµããŸããðŠ
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ãã®åã«ããäžåºŠãã€ã¢ã¢ã³ãå士ã®ãã第äžã®ãã³ãã³ãžãŒãšã¯ã«ã€ããŠç°¡åã«èŠãŠã¿ãŸãããâThere are not one but three species of genus Homo on Earth today: the common chimpanzee, Homo troglodytes; the pygmy chimpanzee, Homo paniscus; and the third chimpanzee or human chimpanzee, Homo sapiens. Since the gorilla is only slightly more distinct, it has almost equal right to be considered a fourth species of Homo. (p.20)
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The first indications that our ancestors were in any respect unusual among animals were our extremely crude stone tools that began to appear in Africa by around two-and-a-half million years ago.
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Among our closest relatives, in contrast, the pygmy chimpanzee and gorilla do not use tools, while the common chimpanzee occasionally makes some rudimentary ones(tools) but hardly depends on them for its existence.
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Nevertheless, those crude tools of ours did not trigger any quantum jump in our success as a species.
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For another million-and-a-half years, we remained confined to Africa.
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Around a million years ago we did manage to spread to warm areas of Europe and Asia,
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thereby becoming the most widespread of the three chimpanzee speries but still much less widespread than lions.
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Our tools progressed only at an infinitely slow rate, from extremely crude to very crude.
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By a hundred thousand years ago, at least the human populations of Europe and western Asia, the Neanderthals, were regularly using fire,
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but in other respects we continued to rate as just another species of big mammal.
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We had developed not a trace of art, agriculture, or high technology.
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It is unknown whether we had developed language, drug addiction, or our strange modern sexual habits and life-cycle,
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but Neanderthals rarely lived beyond the age of forty and hence may not yet have evolved female menopause.
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Clear evidence of a Great Leap Forward in our behaviour appears suddenly in Europe around 40,000 years ago,
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coincident with the arrival of anatomically modern Homo sapiens from Africa via the Near East.
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At that point, we began displaying art, technology based on specialized tools, cultural differences from place to place, and cultural innovation with time.
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This leap in behaviour had undoubtedly been developing outside Europe, but the development must have been rapid,
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since the anatomically modern Homo sapiens populations living in southern Africa 100,000 years ago were still just glorified chimpanzees, judging by the debris in their cave sites.
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Whatever caused the leap, it must have involved only a tiny fraction of our genes, because we still differ from chimps in only 1.6% of our genes, and most of that difference had already developed long before our leap in behaviour.
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The best guess I can make is that the leap was triggered by the perfection of our modern capacity for language.
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Although we usually think of the Cro-Magnons as the first bearers of our noblest traits, they also bore the two traits that lie at the root of our current problems: our propensities to murder each other en masse and to destroy our environment.
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Even before Cro-Magnon times, fossil human skulls punctured by sharp objects and cracked to extract the brains bear witness to murder and cannibalism.
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The suddenness with which Neanderthals disappeared after Cro-Magnons arrived provides a hint that genocide had now become efficient.
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At the end of the last Ice Age around 10,000 years ago, the pace of our rise quickened.
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We occupied the Americas, coincident with a mass extinction of big mammals that we may have caused.
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Agriculture emerged soon thereafter. Some thousands of years later, the first written texts start to document the pace of our technical inventiveness.
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They also show that we were already addicted to drugs, and that genocide had become routine and admired.
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Even if every human now alive were to die tomorrow, the damage that we have already inflicted on our environment would ensure that its degradation will continue for decades.
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The bitter last sentence that concluded Wichmann's last volume was, 'Nothing learned, and everything forgotten!' Despite' all the grounds I have mentioned for being equally cynical about humanity's future, my view is that our situation is not hopeless.
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We are the only ones creating our problems, so it is completely within our power to solve them.
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While our language and art and agriculture are not quite unique, we really are unique among animals in our capacity to learn from the experience of others of our species living in distant places or in the distant past.
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âŠYet Bismarck still considered it worthwhile to write his memoirs, to draw lessons from history, and to dedicate his memoirs 'to [my] children and grandchildren, towards an understanding of the past, and for guidance for the future'.
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This is also the spirit in which I dedicate this book to my young sons! and their generation.
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If we will learn from our past that I have traced, our own future may yet prove brighter than that of the other two chimpanzees.
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Anyway,Thank you Dr.Diamond!!
Wanna have a class like U in a near future!
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